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ipa最新版
IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet), is a system of phonetic notation that represents the sounds of spoken language. It provides a standardized way of describing and transcribing the sounds of languages from all around the world. The IPA was first published in 1888 and has since undergone several revisions and updates. The latest version, known as the IPA 2020, was released on September 29, 2020.
One of the major updates in the IPA 2020 is the addition of new symbols to represent sounds that were not previously accounted for. For example, the IPA 2020 includes symbols for various types of voiceless and voiced bilabial fricatives, which are sounds produced by bringing both lips together and forcing air through the small opening. These sounds are found in several languages, such as Welsh and some dialects of English.
Another notable change in the IPA 2020 is the addition of diacritic marks to indicate specific variations of sounds. These diacritics can be used to denote subtle differences in pronunciation, such as the length of a vowel sound or the quality of a consonant sound. The IPA 2020 also introduces new symbols for nasal vowels, which are vowels produced with the nasal passage open.
In addition to these updates, the IPA 2020 includes changes to the organization and structure of the chart. The chart now groups sounds together based on their manner of articulation and place of articulation, making it easier to locate and compare similar sounds. The revised chart also includes comprehensive descriptions and audio examples of each sound, providing a more user-friendly resource for linguists and language learners.
The IPA 2020 also addresses some of the limitations and challenges that were present in earlier versions. For example, it introduces a new symbol for a voiceless lateral fricative, which was previously not included in the IPA. This sound is found in some African languages, and its inclusion in the IPA 2020 reflects a commitment to accurately representing the sounds of all languages.
Furthermore, the IPA 2020 includes a revised set of diacritics for tonal languages. Tonal languages, such as Mandarin Chinese and Vietnamese, use pitch variations to distinguish between words or word meanings. The new diacritics in the IPA 2020 provide a more nuanced representation of these pitch variations, allowing for more precise transcriptions of tonal languages.
Overall, the IPA 2020 represents a significant step forward in the field of phonetics. Its inclusion of new symbols, diacritics, and improved organization makes it a more comprehensive and user-friendly tool for linguists, language learners, and anyone interested in the sounds of language. By accurately representing the sounds of all languages, the IPA 2020 contributes to our understanding and study of human communication.
